Introdution about Computer

In today's presentation, I'm going to explain to you,  what are computers all about and  present to you the evolution of them.

 So let's get the ball rolling,

          What is a computer? A computer is any device capable of performing computations (making calculations)--it performs a computation and produces an answer. That includes an abacus. But this is a little too simple and too broad to describe most computers today. Today's computers can perform very complex calculations at extremely high speeds using silicon-based semi-conductor technologies and a collection of storage, processing, presentation and user interface components to make it produce input and output in a format computer users can interpret. 

what kind of operating that the computer can proceed ?

   Basic operations that a computer can perform:

•  Input
• Processing
• Output
• storage

others:

• Communication

Evolution of computer:

Pre-computers and early computers ( before1940)
      The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for performing arthimetic processes. Today, abaci are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal. The abacus was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used by merchants, traders and clerks in Asia,Africa, and elsewhere. The user of an abacus is called an abacist.

  Now, I'm going to talk about the generation of the computers as you know that at this century we are in full evolution of technology. The world now depends more on  the technology.
    when we try to look at everywhere at school, at home, at work, etc; whatever activities that we carry out at those places require Technology tools.   the Technology is widely available.
   Knowing that, In order to get more understanding about the computers, we have to know the evolution of the computers.

1. First generation(1940-1950):  

     VACCUM TUBE :  In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North America), thermionic valve, tube, or valve is a device controlling electri through a vacuum in a sealed container.                                   Eniac(1945) was the first electronic general-purpose computer . It was Turing-complet , digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.     

          Univac(1950) is the name of a line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with the products of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Later the name was applied to a division of the Remington Rand company and successor organizations. The descendants of the UNIVAC line continue today as products of the Unisys company. UNIVAC is an acronym for UNIVersal Automatic Computer. 

2. Second generation(1950-1964):   

     William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor.

Vacuum tubes have been replaced by transistors. 

          The IBM 1401 was a variable wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on October 5, 1959. The first member of the highly successful IBM 1400 series, it was aimed at replacing electromechanical unit record equipment for processing data stored on punched cards. Over 10,000 units were produced and many were leased or resold in less developed countries after they were replaced with newer technology. The 1401 was withdrawn on February 8, 1971 .

High level languages (COBOL: Common Business-Oriented Language and FORTRAN: formula translator)

3. Third  generation(1964-1974):  

       
 Integrated circuits, also called "chips", are electronic circuits where all the components (transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors) has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. User start use OS, keyboard and Monitor




4. Fourth generation(1974-present):

       
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating integrated circuits by combining thousands of transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI device.

ULSI (ultra-large-scale integration)  was proposed for chips of complexity of more than 1 million transistors.






4. Fifth generation(now && future):

    
            Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines

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Information Managemant (week 2)

Today, we move forwards with a new subject which is:  Information Management, I'm going to talk about What is Information Management and some problems and solution related to it ?

               Information management (IM) is the collection and management of information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences. This sometimes involves those who have a stake in, or a right to that information. Management means the organization of and control over the planning, structure and organisation, controlling, processing, evaluating and reporting of information activities in order to meet client objectives and to enable corporate functions in the delivery of information.
Throughout the 1970s this was largely limited to files, file maintenance, and the life cycle management of paper-based files, other media and records. With the proliferation of Information Technology starting in the 1970s, the job of information management took on a new light, and also began to include the field of data maintenance. No longer was information management a simple job that could be performed by almost anyone. An understanding of the technology involved, and the theory behind it became necessary. As information storage shifted to electronic means, this became more and more difficult. By the late 1990s when information was regularly disseminated across computer networks and by other electronic means, network managers, in a sense, became information managers. Those individuals found themselves tasked with increasingly complex tasks, hardware and software. With the latest tools available, information management has become a powerful resource and a large expense for many organizations.
In short, information management entails organizing, retrieving, acquiring, securing and maintaining information. It is closely related to and overlapping with the practice of data management.

Some problems related to Information management:

     

     Organizations are confronted with many information management problems and issues. In many ways, the growth of electronic information (rather than paper) has only worsened these issues over the last decade or two.


 Common information management problems include:

• Large number of disparate information management systems.
• Little integration or coordination between information systems.
• Range of legacy systems requiring upgrading or replacement.
• Direct competition between information management systems.
• No clear strategic direction for the overall technology environment.
• Limited and patchy adoption of existing information systems by staff.
• Poor quality of information, including lack of consistency, duplication, and out-of-date information.
• Little recognition and support of information management by senior management.

 In order to resolve those problems we have to fulfill those below principles:

1. recognise (and manage) complexity
2. focus on adoption
3. deliver tangible & visible benefits
4. prioritise according to business needs
5. take a journey of a thousand steps
6. provide strong leadership
7. mitigate risks
8. communicate extensively
9. aim to deliver a seamless user experience
10. choose the first project very carefully

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First week in IT

Hi everyone,

Today, I’m going to summary all the things that we have been doing at our first week in Information Technology but before I have to explain to you how this Subject (in Information Technology) have affected me.  First of all, I want to let to you know that before to come here I was doing Computer Science but I didn’t finish and now I think I have some Skills about Computer.

 But During my studies before it was just practice, I have never learnt theory about Computer.
And I realize now that we have to know the theory before to practice, That is among the most important thing that I admire in this Subject, it’s because our lecturer teach us the theories and then  she show us how to  apply  it to the computer .

Coming back to the Information Technology, this is my first time to learn about it and   I’m so eager to get the knowledge about it.  I’m looking forward that I’ll get more skills and  more understanding about it.

So Now I’m going to explain to you what I have understood during the first first week.

 At the beginning, our lecture has started to explain the fundamental concepts of IT which are: DATA and Information;

   Data is the row facts, it can be in the forms of character, Number, Symbols, picture, sound and even video. It is an unprocessed items that has no significant if it stays in its original  forms.

 It is used as input for processing and information is the output of that processing.

 Information is data that are organized and meaningful, 
It is used for decisions-making; The information comes after processing the data by using a computer;  
  At first the member of data is entered and stored in the hard disk and secondly the computer  extract the data  from the hard disk and by using a software the computer create the receipt (information) that one will contain enough meaning that can allow the User to make a decision, influence or persuade one's customer.



The second part of our lecture, we have seen, How can IT affect our economic and some explanation about economic of Information ?
  As we know that before the improvement of Information Technology, when for example a company want to send a highly interactive information to others people. they had to pay a lot of money for communicating with a limited number of people.

         But now, with this quick growth of  technology, we don't need to travel anymore Everyone is able to have incredibly rich communication with everyone else because of Connectivity:  the Internet, Standards: Web standards, Internet standards, Application Standards, Database standards, etc.

The two basic elements of the information in the economics are Reach and Richness.
Reach concern the number of people who are involve in the exchanging of the information, It focus more of the people who works at the company. And Richness focus more about the amount of quality of information shared in the transaction, this one is composed by three components: bandwidth (the amount of information that can be moved from sender to receiver in a given time); customization (whether the information is tailored for an audience of a particular size); interactivity (the extent to which the involved parties can converse).

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