Introdution about Computer

In today's presentation, I'm going to explain to you,  what are computers all about and  present to you the evolution of them.

 So let's get the ball rolling,

          What is a computer? A computer is any device capable of performing computations (making calculations)--it performs a computation and produces an answer. That includes an abacus. But this is a little too simple and too broad to describe most computers today. Today's computers can perform very complex calculations at extremely high speeds using silicon-based semi-conductor technologies and a collection of storage, processing, presentation and user interface components to make it produce input and output in a format computer users can interpret. 

what kind of operating that the computer can proceed ?

   Basic operations that a computer can perform:

•  Input
• Processing
• Output
• storage

others:

• Communication

Evolution of computer:

Pre-computers and early computers ( before1940)
      The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for performing arthimetic processes. Today, abaci are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal. The abacus was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used by merchants, traders and clerks in Asia,Africa, and elsewhere. The user of an abacus is called an abacist.

  Now, I'm going to talk about the generation of the computers as you know that at this century we are in full evolution of technology. The world now depends more on  the technology.
    when we try to look at everywhere at school, at home, at work, etc; whatever activities that we carry out at those places require Technology tools.   the Technology is widely available.
   Knowing that, In order to get more understanding about the computers, we have to know the evolution of the computers.

1. First generation(1940-1950):  

     VACCUM TUBE :  In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North America), thermionic valve, tube, or valve is a device controlling electri through a vacuum in a sealed container.                                   Eniac(1945) was the first electronic general-purpose computer . It was Turing-complet , digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.     

          Univac(1950) is the name of a line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with the products of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Later the name was applied to a division of the Remington Rand company and successor organizations. The descendants of the UNIVAC line continue today as products of the Unisys company. UNIVAC is an acronym for UNIVersal Automatic Computer. 

2. Second generation(1950-1964):   

     William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor.

Vacuum tubes have been replaced by transistors. 

          The IBM 1401 was a variable wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on October 5, 1959. The first member of the highly successful IBM 1400 series, it was aimed at replacing electromechanical unit record equipment for processing data stored on punched cards. Over 10,000 units were produced and many were leased or resold in less developed countries after they were replaced with newer technology. The 1401 was withdrawn on February 8, 1971 .

High level languages (COBOL: Common Business-Oriented Language and FORTRAN: formula translator)

3. Third  generation(1964-1974):  

       
 Integrated circuits, also called "chips", are electronic circuits where all the components (transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors) has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. User start use OS, keyboard and Monitor




4. Fourth generation(1974-present):

       
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating integrated circuits by combining thousands of transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI device.

ULSI (ultra-large-scale integration)  was proposed for chips of complexity of more than 1 million transistors.






4. Fifth generation(now && future):

    
            Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines